Ho Chi Minh, having failed to defeat the South Vietnamese militarily is now using another weapon, one as cleverly conceived as the poison tipped bamboo spikes his men plant underfoot for the unwary enemy. He plans to force a halt in American bombing by (a) mobilizing pressure on the United States from the non-Communist world and by (b) creating pressures on President Johnson within
this country. The New York Times' Harrison Salisbury is Ho's chosen weapon. Soviet diplomats in Washington appear to think that Salisbury 's reports of death and injury to civilians and destruction of non-military targets could do the trick."
Alongside mainstream journalists from respected media outlets were paid propagandists. Wilfred Burchett of the National Guardian
used his access for maximum effect. Unknown at the time were that: Burchett had assisted the communist North Koreans with their interrogations of Australian, U.S., and U.K. prisoners of war during the Korean War (from eyewitness testimony during the Jack Kane libel trial in
Australia) and that he had been on the Soviet KGB payroll (KGB defector Yuri Krotkov in testimony to the U.S. Senate).
The Communist public opinion strategy against the United States was a natural extension of their strategy against the French. Truong Chinh (Secretary General of the Lao Dong Communist) Party and President of the Marxist Study Group) describes how to fight the
French "concerning our foreign policy, we must isolate the enemy, win more friends. We must
act so the French people will actively support us. The French people and soldiers should oppose
the war by every means: oppose sending troops to Indochina , they should demand peaceful negotiations with the Ho Chi Minh government.
The political situation in France is confused. The antiwar movement has been launched, the general Confederation of Labour organized many demonstrations. In the future, the antiwar movement in France will grow extensively." When employing propaganda against the United States , the communists in Hanoi executed a very similar strategy to the one they had used against the French.
While Americans viewed the press mainly as a vehicle for informing the public with the objective truth, North Vietnamese had a very different view of the function of the press. Through the writings of Vladmir Lenin, they saw the press purely as a political instrument. Lenin described the press as the "most important tool, the sharpest weapon," it is used to educate and agitate the people and give them the correct outlook. The North Vietnamese understood the press to be a powerful force for spreading ideas and gave no credence to the concept of an objective press. Lenin saw the press as inherently biased and having only one valid function, that of spreading the ideas of Communism to the people. The Communists saw the press as a weapon, and that is precisely how they used it. They used the media and demonstrations in an integrated information strategy. Their strategy paralleled Lenin's writing on the need for both propaganda and agitation. He described propaganda as the written word and agitation as the living word. Ho Chi Minh was trained in Marxism-Leninism in France and the Soviet Union . While working in Paris after the First World War, he joined the French Socialist Party and began his study of socialism. Ho's patriotism fueled his initial attraction to Communism. He read Lenin's "Thesis on the National and Colonial Questions" and took from it the antipathy Lenin had for the colonial system at the time. Later, he spent time in the Soviet Union and China undergoing training and organizing Vietnamese exiles. Ho Chi Minh's education included the Marxist-Leninist theories concerning the value and nature of the press, news, propaganda and agitation. Ho's training prepared him to develop a cohesive press, propaganda, and agitation strategy for the war against the United States . Hanoi was waging information warfare long before the West popularized the term. His skillful exploitation of the information sphere during the Vietnam War should serve as a lesson tous today. Understanding Vietnamese Success Vietnamese communist's information warfare strategy against the United States was successful for three reasons. First, the communist's strategy in the United States depended upon an active, robust community of supporters in America willing to act as their proxies. The Wall Street Journal illustrated the importance of this movement in an interview with Bui Tin, a Colonel on the North Vietnamese Army General Staff, published 03 August 1995. Mr. Tin was asked if the American antiwar movement was important to Hanoi 's victory. Mr. Tin responded "It was essential to our strategy. Support of the war from our rear was completely secure while the American rear was vulnerable. Second, the Communist strategy put the United States on the horns of a dilemma. Continue to allow the Vietnamese Communists to use the First Amendment guarantees in the US Constitution as an enabling agent for their information war, or shut down their American campaign and violate the values we hold dear in the process. Third, the Communist campaign was successful because they were the only ones fighting it. While Americans counted bodies, compared forces, and arrogantly concluded we could not lose the war, the Vietnamese had a wider view of the war. They saw the American public's will as a center of gravity, and they attacked it relentlessly.
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